People

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Detailed Summary

  • Humans are one of the most important resources on Earth. They not only use natural resources but also add value to them through knowledge, skills, and technology. Studying people — their numbers, distribution, and characteristics — is a part of population geography.

World Population

  • The world’s population crossed 8 billion in 2022.
  • Population is not evenly distributed:
    • Asia has the largest share of population.
    • Some areas like deserts, polar regions, and high mountains have very low population density.

Distribution of Population

  • Lithosphere → Land (rocks, soil, mountains, plains, valleys).
  • Hydrosphere → Water (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans).
  • Atmosphere → Air (gases, dust, water vapour).
  • Biosphere → Living world (plants, animals, humans).

Distribution of Population

  • Factors affecting where people live:
    • Physical factors: Land, climate, soil, water, minerals.
    • Social and cultural factors: Areas with better health care, education, and religious/cultural importance attract people.
    • Economic factors: Industrial areas and cities provide jobs, leading to higher population density.

Population Density

  • Definition: Number of people living per square kilometre of land.
  • High density → India, Bangladesh, Japan.
  • Low density → Australia, Canada, Sahara desert.

Population Growth

  • Natural growth: Difference between birth rate and death rate.
  • Birth rate: Number of births per 1000 people per year.
  • Death rate: Number of deaths per 1000 people per year.
  • Migration: Movement of people from one place to another. Can be internal (within a country) or international (between countries).

Problems of Overpopulation

  • Unemployment and poverty.
  • Pressure on land, food, water, and housing.
  • Pollution and environmental degradation.
  • Shortage of health and education services.

Human Resource Development

  • Education and health improve the quality of human resources.
  • Skilled and healthy people contribute to development.
  • Countries with fewer resources but skilled people (like Japan) are highly developed.