Urbanisation

Meaning of Urbanisation

• Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing proportion of a country’s population begins to live in towns and cities.li>
• It is linked with industrialisation, economic growth, and social development.

Causes of Urbanisation

• Industrial development: Factories and industries attract people for jobs.
• Better facilities: Cities provide schools, hospitals, markets, transport, and entertainment.
• Employment opportunities: Availability of jobs in services, trade, and industries.
• Migration: Rural-to-urban migration is a major reason for rapid urbanisation.
• Historical reasons: Ancient civilizations (like along rivers) also led to towns.

Patterns of Urbanisation

• Developed countries: Already highly urbanised (more than 75% people live in cities).
• Developing countries: Experiencing rapid urban growth (India, China, Brazil).
• Megacities: Cities with population over 10 million (e.g., Tokyo, Delhi, Mumbai).

Problems of Urbanisation

• Overcrowding: Too many people in limited space.li>
• Housing shortages: Slums and informal settlements grow.
• Traffic congestion: More vehicles cause jams and accidents.
• Pollution: Air, water, noise, and waste disposal issues.
• Unemployment and poverty: Not all migrants find good jobs.
• Strain on resources: Water, electricity, and transport face shortages.

Advantages of Urbanisation

• Growth of trade, commerce, and industries.
• Better educational and health facilities.
• Opportunities for cultural exchange and social interaction.
• Development of science, technology, and innovation.

Sustainable Urbanisation

• Planned development of cities with proper infrastructure.
• Smart cities with clean energy, public transport, and waste management.
• Green spaces like parks and gardens.
• Use of renewable energy and eco-friendly practices.

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