Our Changing Earth

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Forces Acting on the Earth’s Surface

  • Endogenic forces → forces inside the Earth.
  • Exogenic forces → forces on the Earth’s surface.

Earthquakes

  1. Sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface.
  2. Focus = place inside Earth where earthquake starts.
  3. Epicentre = point on surface directly above focus.
  4. Measured by Richter scale.
  5. Cause: movement of tectonic plates.

Volcanoes

  • An opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten material (magma/lava), gases, and ash are ejected.
  • Magma = molten rock inside Earth.
  • Lava = magma that reaches Earth’s surface.

Major Agents of Erosion and Deposition

  • Rivers
  • Glaciers
  • Wind
  • Sea waves

Case Study – Bhuj Earthquake (2001)

  • Took place in Gujarat on 26 January 2001.
  • Magnitude 7.7 on Richter scale.
  • Thousands killed, villages destroyed, relief operations required.